United Nations Approach to Ending Ethnic Conflict essays

United Nations' Approach to Ending Ethnic Conflict essays For virtually all of history, ethnic divides have been a major source of conflict among the world's peoples. Whether it's slavery, ethnic isolationism, religious dogma, or egocentric bigotry, people have an historically innate distaste for the different. One of the many challenges in effecting peace in the face of ethnic conflict is that there are often several causes for mutual hatred rooted deep within quarrelling cultures. These causes are generally factors of social cleavages, or, the "divisions in a society that arise from differences in demographic and socioeconomic attributes" (Emizet). These attributes include gender, religion, place of residence, occupation, education, income, class, and institutional affiliation (Emizet). Basically, people are different, and this causes tension. Regardless of the individual motives for such discord within a state, social cleavages (in relation to ethnic conflict) can generally be construed as differences in societal values held by clash ing ethnic groups. Certain values are shared by particular pockets of society, and these very firm and divergent standards influence their actions within civilization. This variance in values can explain virtually all international and ethnic struggles. If only every nation could somehow adopt similar social standards, ethnic conflicts and conflicts in general would greatly diminish. On December 10, 1948, the General Assembly of the United Nations proclaimed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, in an effort to quell social conflicts common throughout the world (UDHR). Worldwide observance of "universal" rights was a promising solution to these ideological differences experienced by clashing ethnicities. This document seeks to recognize innate human rights and values "that transcend borders, cultures, societies and ideologies" (UDHR). Although distinctly partisan and "Western" in influence (which will be discussed later in this paper), this idyl...

Battle of White Plains in the American Revolution

Battle of White Plains in the American Revolution The Battle of White Plains was fought October 28, 1776, during the American Revolution (1775-1783). Part of the New York Campaign, the battle came about after British forces landed at Pells Point, NY and threatened to cut off the American line of retreat from Manhattan. Departing the island, the Continental Army established a position at White Plains where it was attacked on October 28. After sharp fighting, the British captured a key hill that compelled the Americans to withdraw. The retreat from White Plains saw General George Washingtons men move across New Jersey before crossing the Delaware River into Pennsylvania. Background In the wake of their defeat at the Battle of Long Island (August 27-30, 1776) and victory at the Battle of Harlem Heights (September 16), General George Washingtons Continental Army found itself camped at the northern end of Manhattan. Moving tentatively, General William Howe elected to begin a campaign of maneuver rather than directly attacking the American position. Embarking 4,000 men on October 12, Howe moved them through Hells Gate and landed at Throgs Neck. Here their advance inland was blocked by swamps and a group of Pennsylvania riflemen led by Colonel Edward Hand. General Sir William Howe. Public Domain Not wishing to force his way through, Howe re-embarked and moved up the coast to Pells Point. Marching inland, they won a sharp engagement over a small Continental force at Eastchester, before pressing on to New Rochelle. Alerted to Howes movements, Washington realized that Howe was in a position to cut his lines of retreat. Deciding to abandon Manhattan, he began moving the main army north to White Plains where he possessed a supply depot. Due to pressure from Congress, he left around 2,800 men under Colonel Robert Magaw to defend Fort Washington on Manhattan. Across the river, Major General Nathanael Greene held Fort Lee with 3,500 men. Battle of White Plains Conflict: American Revolution (1775-1783)Dates: October 28, 1776Armies and Commanders:AmericansGeneral George Washington13,000 menBritishGeneral William Howe14,500 menCasualties:Americans: 28 killed, 126 woundedBritish: 42 killed, 182 wounded The Armies Clash Marching into White Plains on October 22, Washington established a defensive line between the Bronx and Croton Rivers, near the village. Building breastworks, Washingtons right was anchored on Purdy Hill and led by Major General Israel Putnam, while the left was commanded by Brigadier General William Heath and anchored on Hatfield Hill. Washington personally commanded the center. Across the Bronx River, in line with the American right rose Chattertons Hill. Possessing wooded sides and fields on the hilltop, Chattertons Hill was initially protected by a mixed force of militia. Reinforced at New Rochelle, Howe began moving north with around 14,000 men. Advancing in two columns, they passed through Scarsdale early on October 28, and approached Washingtons position at White Plains. As the British neared, Washington dispatched Brigadier General Joseph Spencers 2nd Connecticut Regiment to delay the British on the plain between Scarsdale and Chattertons Hill.  Arriving on the field, Howe immediately recognized the importance of the hill and decided to make it the focus of his attack.  Deploying his army, Howe detached 4,000 men, led by Colonel Johann Ralls Hessians to make the assault. A Gallant Stand Advancing, Ralls men came under fire from Spencers troops which had taken a position behind a stone wall. Inflicting losses on the enemy, they were forced to pull back towards Chattertons Hill when a British column led by General Henry Clinton threatened their left flank.  Recognizing the importance of the hill, Washington ordered Colonel John Haslets 1st Delaware Regiment to reinforce the militia.   As British intentions became clearer, he also dispatched Brigadier General Alexander McDougalls brigade. The Hessian pursuit of Spencers men was stopped on the slopes of the hill by determined fire from Haslets men and the militia. Bringing the hill under intense artillery fire from 20 guns, the British were able to panic the militia leading them to flee from the area. General George Washington. Public Domain The American position was quickly stabilized as McDougalls men arrived on the scene and new line formed with the Continentals on the left and center and the rallied militia on the right. Crossing the Bronx River under the protection of their guns, the British and Hessians pressed on towards Chattertons Hill. While the British attacked directly up the hill, the Hessians moved to envelop the American right flank. Though the British were repulsed, the Hessians flank attack caused the New York and Massachusetts militia to flee. This exposed the flank of Haslets Delaware Continentals. Reforming, the Continental troops were able to beat back several Hessian attacks but were ultimately overwhelmed and forced retreat back to the main American lines. Aftermath With the loss of Chattertons Hill, Washington concluded that his position was untenable and elected to retreat to the north. While Howe had won a victory, he was unable to immediately follow up his success due to heavy rains the next day few days. When the British advanced on November 1, they found the American lines empty. While a British victory, the Battle of White Plains cost them 42 killed and 182 wounded as opposed to only 28 killed and 126 wounded for the Americans. While Washingtons army began a long retreat which would ultimately see them move north then west across New Jersey, Howe broke off his pursuit and turned south to capture Forts Washington and Lee on November 16 and 20 respectively.  Having completed the conquest of the New York City area,  Howe ordered Lieutenant General Lord Charles Cornwallis to pursue Washington across northern New Jersey.  Continuing their retreat, the disintegrating American army finally crossed the Delaware in to Pennsylvania in early December. American fortunes would not improve until December 26, when Washington launched a daring attack against Ralls Hessian forces in Trenton, NJ.

Human Resources- Result PartThe relationship between supervisors Essay

Human Resources- Result PartThe relationship between supervisors leadership style and subordinate perceptions of job satisfaction paper - Essay Example is, these hierarchical models will allow us to assess the extent to which regression coefficients vary across the different groups while taking up strength from the full model. A hierarchical regression is used because the independent variables are extremely correlated. When these correlated variables are simultaneously included in the regression model, multi-co linearity comes up. Data presentation was done under different aggregation variables. The variables include age, gender, work experience, position held and the level of education. The data analysis has a constant of 1.065 in column B and a constant standard deviation of 0.411 in model 1, a constant of 0.404 in B column and a constant standard error of 0.353 in model 2. Model 3 has a constant B column of 4.53 and a constant standard error of 0.367. To complete this data, the three sets of data from the models have been evaluated. The evaluation focused on the reliability of information from the variables from the different questionnaires, the representativeness of the population of the dependent variables and the bearing of substantial differences between the models. Communication competence and working hours t-test figure arrived at is zero (0.00). This shows they have a low effect on the employee job satisfaction from the analysis of the data. The first two variables, age and gender, show negative unstandardized coefficients in model 1. The fourth variable, ORG tenure, also has a negative unstandardized coefficient in B column in model 1. Education level has a negative figure in model 2 and 3. The leadership style in model 3 is portrayed as a negative. The negative figures are indicated in the unstandardized and standardized coefficients and the t-test result figure. The negative figure indicates that the variable has an insignificant effect on job satisfaction and stress. From the data collected from different individuals of different ages, education levels, employment nature and different employment

Logistic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Logistic management - Essay Example However, the main questions are whether enterprise resource planning is an advantage or a hindrance to organizations and whether organizations are making implementations that accommodate the software. The enterprise resource planning software may be of significant help to organizations who are intending or already using it. First, communication within and outside the organizations significantly increases (Bowersox, Closs & Cooper, 2007). This means that logistics information from one department to another move swiftly. In addition, information moving in or out the company is moving at a faster pace. For instance, a technology company manufacturing technological products will have an increase in the movement of information. In this case, the manufacturing department can communicate with sales department at the shortest time possible regarding customers orders. On the other hand, the organizations can communicate with their supplies in time to deliver raw materials in time for production. As a result, due to speedy movement of information in the organization, the second benefit of enterprise resource planning is that it reduces wastages in inventory leading to high profitability levels in the company (Bowersox, Closs & Cooper, 2007). An excellent example is that of the technology company. In the past, technology companies were making products based on future predictions on sales. This was for the purposes of ensuring just in time deliveries to their customers. However, technology is changing at a quick rate meaning that production for future use will lead to obsolete products in the market resulting to wastage. Therefore, because of enterprise resource planning, logistic management is becoming easier with companies only producing in accordance with customer orders. In this case, there is zero tolerance on wastages and reduction of warehousing costs

Douglas M. Mcgregor: Theory X and Theory Y :: Business

Mr. McGregor theorizes that management views an employee’s motivation toward work in two distinct ways—Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X managers believe the following: (1) The average worker naturally does not like work and will avoid it whenever possible. (2) Managers must always control, motivate, and direct their employees to perform well. (3) Most workers prefer being directed, avoid responsibility, and seek job security. On the other hand, Theory Y managers assume the following: (1) Employees enjoy working. (2) Managers do not need to control and punish workers to accomplish organizational goals. (3) Workers will be committed to an organization if their work is satisfying. (4) Managers should “…arrange organizational conditions and methods of operation so that people can achieve their own goals best by directing their own efforts toward organizational objectives'; (Kolb, et al., 1995, p. 62).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The theory McGregor believes will best stimulate employee motivation toward accomplishing organizational goals is Theory Y. The goal of Theory Y is to provide employees ways to attain the higher levels of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (esteem (ego) and self-actualization (-fulfillment)) so that the establishment may prosper. McGregor thinks that most organizations today already fulfill the lower needs of employees (physiological, safety, and love (social)) and therefore should concentrate on the higher needs of individuals. Therefore, McGregor says that management should try to develop a relationship based on two-way trust between management and employees.

Movie: And The Band Played On Essay

The movie † And The band Played on is about a doctor from world health organisation who is finding the cause of an unknown virus. At first youv’e seen him in the African community where a clinic is near â€Å"Ebola River† Central Africa 1976 were they found an african child that showed them the way of Dr. Azis where they found that he’s already dead with some of the citizen. They found a woman begging for some medicine then she died, they don’t know what the cause of death. The dead people were burn for the virus stop spreading out the community. The virus was called â€Å"The Ebola Fever† it was contained before it could reach the outside world. It was not AIDS but it was a warning of things to come. â€Å"Rigshospitalet Copenhagen 1977† it was the first case of an unknown virus.The victim is dead by Pneumocystis Pnemonia but the doctor said that it was no killer virus so he demmaned what’s the real cause but that all she had. â€Å"Claude-Bernard Hospital Paris 1978† the second case of an unknown virusthis is were his examined there some fungus in the mouth, warts on his arms and more on his legs and his brain is rotting with Toxoplasmosis, a cat disease. Washington D.C. 1980 a democratic platform committee meeting was held about a gay act of special previleges that they are also human and they be must respect like other normal people do. UCLA Medical Center Los Angeles the doctor were puzzled how or why the virus spread in just 2 years. They made a letter and send to the Centers For Disease Control Atlanta, May 1981 to D. Gease. Dr. Francis arrive at Atlanta where he meet is coleage Harold Japey Secutive Trans Division, Ardan Terdare Socioologist, Harold Lorens Division of host factors & Dr. Mary Gaia where they held a meeting about the spreading virus were they have a talking about the information of the virus in doctors in different hospitals. Francis went to the Sloan-Kettering Canser Center New york and talk with a gay person talking about his past life in a book and wishing that he was an italian man in his 60 but he was to young to look like that. New York University Medical Center, Dr. Mary Gaia talked to a man that went a examination on his spot on the neck about some of his personal information on how many times in a year does he have sex with a man but he was on a hurry cathing on a plane that it was not finish. In U.S. cases is 80 and the deaths were 26 Harold Lorens Interview a couple going on the bathhouse of what the other men doing the the bath that could it possible they having sex while washing each others back? and so on. They warned the owner that thier must be some kind of epidemic spreading in the gay community they wan’t to inspect the bath house they found a bottle of rush. They wen’t to a meeting a discuss whether it is a virus or a bacteria, or a bug, what species is infected how do it infect and the prone virus is male or female. They agreed that its all human male or female is infected via sex and other blood to blood contact. They wan’t to have a money to have a laboratory to begin their research about the virus. San Francisco Holloween 1981, they have a festival of gay people. Now the U.S cases is aproxiametely 160 and 88 deaths there is a man walked out and find the doctor’s then he was called to tell his name because he does’nt know him that he don’t care he looked back and found two boys then he noticed the poster â€Å"theirs nothing gay about gay canser† he said that the government doesn’t care about them and they will leave to die but he had a determination to live to go for his life. Mary Gaia met a man she instructed the man to have a answered the consent letter that she will have some specimens it was blood, urine, saliva, and sperm. he ask what is the name of thesickness, gay people called it gaypneumonia. When the holloween is finished, they are trying to find the parasites of mice, rabbits, and guineapigs then a monkey for the virus All they know about the sickness is an unknown organism that they can’t see or find, they don’t know if its a single agent or combination of causes, they don’t know how its transmitted. A man accidentally slip the container of some blood specimen that contains deadly virus. In a hospital there are two women dying from pneumocystis, but it is not deadly sickness so its impossible, there are nineteen people died in 3 years no matter what’s there status, or nationalism. Dr. Rozenbaum was called in the office of the head doctor of the ospital, it was embarrising that the hospital were called â€Å"That ho spital where those people go†. Now the patiens are afraid to come in  the hospital because of the saying and they are afraid to die and that put them in a difficult possition. Washington D.C., office of congressman phillip burton was arguing with his secretary about the expenses in the research for an unknown virus the secretary was warned the congressman that no one knows this thing. Now a president’s won but there are less money for medical funds next year but instead it was put on the department of defense that were actualy increase over budget and figure. Dr. Francis send a requisition for an electron microscope but not a reply was recieved. He has a memo that where are the $196,000 to run the laboratory but he had no reply of yes or no. But he’s colleage was tired and wan’t to go home. Dr. Jemm was called and informed that there are 4 known died in Miami and it is now a not a gay disease and it’s on a every news. He is sick of nothing to know of the virus know he saw a pac-man game that just eat and eat and an idea got on him, he went in harvard school of public health in boston, he ask his instructor of feline & leukimia virus that they both causes virus, immune suppression & long incubation periods, now the hepatitis b it causes canser imune suppresion none. now they are finding between heoatitis b and leukimia virus in a retro virus that causes leukimia that they need of Bob Galo for having found the first retro virus the HTLV that still haven’t found the major cause of it to link it to. Now on national institutes of health bethesda, maryland, march 1982, 258 U.S. cases 199 deaths they called Dr. Bob Galo to come visit them that they found the link for the cause of the problem and mt galo accept it that he would look into. Bill Darwin went to the V.A. Hospital Los Angeles, March 1982 he met a man that is dying and has a 3 friends that die with the same virus he is in a room 666, he tell a story that it started in a barbecue in 1980 in thier backyard it was just him, lover and a gay couple of the street on of them died in october 6,1981, feb 6,1982, march 6,1982, they died at the same day 6 so he is in 666 and he was afraid of that and want to change room but no one listen to him, then he ask when he is crimated is thier any diffirence between him and the cementary outside of his window? Harold Lowens ask for more information that links together, there is a man that he’s a 33 year old that dying but thier was a buddy and he said that it was cause of a man from new york that have a french canadian acsent and ask a blonde man and said that in a bathhouses and so fort, and a gay that gives a name and his full name, he went to new  york and met Janduga and ask on his sex life that he has a gay cans er that its not contaguos and said that its not his fault that it spread it was the doctors fault to stop the virus, Bill Darwin requested that he write all of his sex partner and lovers. Janduga said to Bill that knock before six and not on 6:30 then Bill is happy to have his permission and remember something that someone was given it to him. He called him the next day and make a representation about it, then it was known as sexually transmitted disease.Centers For Disease Control Atlanta, June 1982 they held a media conference wheter this is a sexually transmutted disease or not but the chief dicline it and said that they need more research about it and walk away and Dr. Francis argued with Dr. Current that why did he not tell and play dead and they freaking argued for a 10min. San Francisco June 1982 now there is 405 U.S. cases 272 deaths, they argue about closing the bathhouse or not one of the gay community warned them when the bathhouse is close the community is gone then he leaves. One of his partner names Kiko prepares to leave the house there’s an arkiteck that he wants to be. A theater where one of the virus victim was teaching Dr. Mary Gaia went to talk to the virus victim about this virus that he got this thing and hes scared why is he afraid to tell anybody that he have a virus, he said he has the money to fight this thing but there are more who needs it so he gave it to Dr. Mary Gaia.

The Current American Political System - 1214 Words

The current American political system has many flaws, and problems that affect our everyday life as American citizens. Our government is quite possibly the biggest problem in our country. In my honest opinion, I feel as if the government does not completely satisfy the wants and needs of the citizens in this country, or protect the citizens. We have seen many executive decisions that the American people do not accept, or follow. One of the biggest mistakes in our recent history was elected President Barrack Hussein Obama. Obviously, not every single person will agree that President is the problem in our country today, but I believe he is. Obama claims that he a committed Marxist collectivist, and wanted to show that through his presidential decisions. We have seen our president threaten the safety of our citizens in countless ways. Most people tend to forget that President Obama expanded the war on trial by jury, asserting the right to kill any American civilian with drones. There is way too much power held by him if he has the right to kill any person in this country with a drone. Obama spent basically his entire first year in office tendering to the health care system, which was a defining issue of his presidency. The way that Obama went about trying to pass his program caused separation in Congress. The president and congressional Democrats used a cut-throat tactic to pass the program, basically shoving down anyone that stood in the way. Following the passing of theShow MoreRelatedAmerican Politics Vs. 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